GDF15 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition, three complementary MR approaches—cML-MA (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.03–1.30; p=0.018), MR-ConMix (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.04–1.40; p=0.022), and MR-RAPS (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.02–1.31; p=0.020)—all supported the positive association between circulating GDF-15 and NAFLD risk (Supporting Information 1: Table S5).