Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that this nanoplatform, by virtue of its hierarchical targeting capability, markedly enhanced selective uptake by MM cells and drug accumulation at lesion sites (Swa et al., 2014; Nadar et al., 2017), effectively boosted the proteasome inhibitory activity and antitumor efficacy of BTZ (Cao et al., 2023), significantly prolonged the median survival of MM-bearing mice, and concurrently alleviated systemic toxicity and neurotoxicity. This evidence concerns the gene CASC3 and Miyoshi myopathy.