As illustrated in Figure 1, the nanovesicles are first localized at bone lesions via Ald mediation (Sherr, 1996; Green, 2016), subsequently bind to and are internalized by MM cells through membrane-derived molecules (Gu et al., 2019), and ultimately release BTZ to trigger tumor cell apoptosis (Cao et al., 2023). Here, CASC3 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.