VEGFA and neoplasm: It is well-established that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can induce local immunosuppressive effects through diversexb mechanisms; Antiangiogenic agents (e.g., VEGF/VEGFR pathway inhibitors) can remodel the immunosuppressive TME, enhancing ICI efficacy by normalizing tumor vasculature to improve perfusion, blocking VEGF-mediated immunosuppression, and preventing endothelial cell-induced T cell apoptosis (3–5).