PAK1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Administration of FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, protects against TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and preserves systolic function in wildtype mice, but not in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific loss of PAK1, suggesting FTY720 is cardioprotective through a PAK1-dependent pathway [86].