For example, AD-MSCs have been engineered to overexpress tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TNF-α, resulting in reduced tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer mouse models by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells (Choi et al., 2021; Snajdauf et al., 2021). Here, TNF is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.