As insulin is one of the thousands of genes upregulated by AIRE, because dysregulation of insulin is known to lead to either insulin tolerance or autoimmunity60, and due to insulin autoantibodies being implicated in the development of T1D, a symptom of APS-165–67, the insulin promoter was chosen as the target to evaluate AIRE function. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.