CXCL8 and infection: Despite the lack of microglia or other immune cells in this system, the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines were increased upon infection by all three EVs, including cytokines previously associated with EV neuropathogenesis such as IL-6, IL-8 and CCL5 (RANTES) (Feng et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2018; Luo et al., 2019).