Finally, we examined predictive-CE expression in neuronal nuclei from ALS–FTD frontal cortices31 and found that the majority of predictive-CE from FTD datasets were also upregulated in TDP-43 negative neuronal nuclei, whereas this was the case for a smaller fraction of the predictive-CE found in ALS spinal cord and motor cortex (Extended Data Fig. 1E). The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is frontotemporal dementia.