SERPINI1 and cancer: 2022). Astrocytes also secrete plasminogen activators that promote apoptosis in disseminated cancer cells not yet adapted to the brain microenvironment (Valiente et al. 2014). However, some cancer cells develop resistance by upregulating plasminogen activator inhibitors, including SerpinB2 and neuroserpin, thereby evading astrocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (Valiente et al. 2014).