Additionally, our multicolor immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated distinct expression patterns of CGRP and CAV2 in nerves within the HNSCC microenvironment, revealing that some neurons express CGRP but lack CAV2, while others show the opposite expression pattern (Supplementary Fig. 8C), consistent with findings from single-nucleus RNA sequencing of TG (Supplementary Fig. 8D). This evidence concerns the gene CAV2 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.