RPN1 and prostate carcinoma: Single-cell RNA sequencing data from 13 prostate tumor samples in the GSE141445 dataset (Fig. 1K) revealed that RPN1 is expressed across various prostate cancer cell clusters, including NK cells, macrophages, and malignant epithelial cells (Fig. 1L), whereas OXSM and SLC7A11 are predominantly expressed in malignant epithelial cells (Fig. 1M–O), which is consistent with our previous findings [15].