TNF and clostridium difficile infection: The most potent signal within this SOC was observed for clostridium difficile infection (ROR = 8.44, 95% CI [7.3–9.75], n = 266), where infliximab exhibited significantly stronger signal strength compared to other TNF-α inhibitors (ROR = 16.72, 95% CI [14.29–19.56], n = 206), accounting for 77.4% of cases.