INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The key findings—elevated serum insulin, increased growth plate length (especially in proliferative and hypertrophic zones), and upregulated insulin receptor (IR) and aromatase (CYP19A1) expression in the growth plate—provide critical insights into how obesity may accelerate bone maturation and potentially compromise adult height, while also highlighting unresolved questions for future research.