GSTM1 and heart failure: Patients with severely low ECG-Hb had higher risks of mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-2.06) and heart failure (HR: 2.47, 95% CI: 2.07-2.94) compared to those with standard ECG-Hb levels.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The ECG-Hb DLM offers strong diagnostic and prognostic potential for anemia and cardiovascular risks, making it a valuable, non-invasive screening tool in low-resource settings.