TLR4 and epilepsy: Conversely, TLR4-deficient models showed markedly reduced expression of these inflammatory markers in the CA3 hippocampal subregion and amygdala, confirming TLR4’s regulatory role in epilepsy-associated neuroinflammation.[32] Maroso et al concluded that TLR4 receptor antagonists not only control the development of epilepsy but also reduce recurrent acute and chronic seizures.[33]