Given the central role of these highlighted pathways in ccRCC development, these findings expand opportunities for therapeutic targeting or modulation, for example Imetelstat, an indirect telomerase inhibitor is in trials for myelofibrosis66; HSP90 inhibitors (e.g. ganetespib67) and EPAS1 antagonists. Here, EPAS1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.