This aligns with experimental evidence showing that Porphyromonas promotes regulatory T-cell expansion via B7-H1 induction and enhances tumor growth through the miR-21/PDCD4/AP-1 axis [24, 25], while F. nucleatum accelerates OSCC progression by inducing DNA damage via the Ku70/p53 pathway [26]. Here, PDCD4 is linked to neoplasm.