Preclinical studies linking microbial signatures to immune cell modulation (e.g., TAM polarization, T-cell exhaustion), clinical cohort analyses correlating tumor microbial profiles with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 outcomes, and meta-analyses quantifying microbial intervention effects (e.g., FMT, probiotics) were included in the literature analysis. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.