LEP and osteoporosis: Research has demonstrated that Qing’e Decoction corrects age-related bone loss and modulates bone metabolic equilibrium by enhancing sex hormone levels and leptin receptor expression.97 Notably, both hyperleptinemia and leptin deficiency are implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, underscoring the critical importance of maintaining physiological leptin homeostasis80 (Table 1).