In particular, mutations in PTEN and other mammalian target of rapamycin pathway regulators are frequently observed in drug-resistant epilepsies and cortical dysplasias, in both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms (Galanopoulou et al., 2012; Nguyen et al., 2015; Matsushita et al., 2016). The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is epilepsy.