•Metabolite regulation: SCFAs (e.g., butyrate) activate GPR41/43, inhibit NF-κB pathway, and improve endothelial function; reduce TMAO levels •Immune regulation: promotes Treg cell differentiation, inhibits Th17-mediated vascular inflammation •Clinical studies show daily yogurt intake reduces cardiovascular disease risk (85, 86). Here, FFAR3 is linked to cardiovascular disorder.