The AR, a master regulator of male reproductive physiology, exhibits profound heterogeneity across patients and tumor subclones, driven by genetic mutations (e.g., AR-V7 splice variants), post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, acetylation), and epigenetic rewiring (Zamagni et al., 2019; Jaiswal et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2022; Wasim et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene AR and neoplasm.