Table 1 summarizes the frequency of gene mutations closely associated with PCa. Among these, BRCA1/2 mutations—originally linked to breast and ovarian cancers—have emerged as significant risk amplifiers for PCa (Abida et al., 2020; Boussios et al., 2022; Fettke et al., 2023). These genes encode proteins essential for homologous recombination repair (HRR) of DNA double-strand breaks; their dysfunction leads to genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Chen et al. characterized BRCA germline mutations in Chinese PCa cohorts, analyzing 172 patients with BRCA1/2 alterations (Chen et al., 2022). The gene discussed is BRCA1; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.