APOE and Mental deterioration: While much of the research to date has focused on genetic and biological risk factors, including apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) allele status and the pathophysiological roles of amyloid-beta and tau proteins (Kunkle et al., 2019; De Strooper and Karran, 2016; Scheltens et al., 2021), these factors alone do not fully account for individual differences in cognitive decline or resilience.