VEGFA and periodontitis: Importantly, blocking exosome release from PDLSCs using GW4869 led to decreased tube formation in HUVECs and downregulated expression of angiogenic markers such as CD31 and VEGFA [33]. These findings may suggest that exosomes from inflamed PDLSCs contribute to vascular changes in periodontitis by transferring VEGFA, potentially playing a role in aberrant angiogenesis [33].