AFP and hepatitis B virus infection: Global guidelines recommend surveillance of high-risk populations like patients with cirrhosis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, which include abdominal ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement every six months. Further assessment with dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging scans is required in patients with a positive screening result (mass >1 cm on ultrasonography or AFP level >20 ng/m) [15,16].