Meanwhile, Ang II also promotes the activation of NF-κB, upregulating the expression of adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby exacerbating microvascular inflammatory injury (41).Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels induce microvascular endothelial dysfunction and increase the risk of thrombosis by inhibiting eNOS activity, promoting ROS production, and activating coagulation factor VIII (42). This evidence concerns the gene NOS3 and endothelial dysfunction.