TNF and hypertensive disorder: As depicted in Figure 8, 13 cytokines, including IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and VEGF, were significantly upregulated in HTN patients relative to healthy controls, while IL-9 was notably downregulated (all p < 0.05).