Another recently discovered circRNA, circTmeff1 (76), found in a mouse atrophy model, promotes muscle loss by binding to the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 and sequestering it in mitochondria, which triggers release of mitochondrial DNA and activation of the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway, which again leads to NF-κB and interferon signaling that exacerbates muscle protein breakdown (77). Here, NFKB1 is linked to Atrophy.