MTOR and liver dysplastic nodule: Experimental evidence indicates that modulation of autophagy through upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or downregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can restore autophagic function in DN model mice, increase autophagosome formation, and thereby alleviate renal injury (Sheng et al., 2022; Liu H. et al., 2021).