Polysaccharides activate BMP2/Smad signaling to increase Collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Osteopontin (OPN) expression, while suppressing Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to inhibit adipogenesis, thereby promoting Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) osteogenic differentiation and improving Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis (Yao et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and osteoporosis.