Several studies in our analysis have also observed that triterpenes increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 levels, two apoptosis markers (Saddam et al., 2024), effects confirmed in human breast cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 as well (Shahrestanaki et al., 2023). Here, BAX is linked to breast carcinoma.