TNF and Parkinson disease: PNS may attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through the P2Y2R/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, inhibit the production of inflammatory markers, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, and attenuate behavioral deficits and excessive microglial activation in PD model mice, thereby reducing the progression of PD (Wu et al., 2025).