PTGS2 and Parkinson disease: Ginsenoside triol saponin (PTS) from Panax notoginseng inhibited 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in PD mice, and further suppressed MPTP-induced neuronal death in the substantia nigra compacta by increasing Trx-1 expression, inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression, and inhibiting mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, and then could effectively PD (Luo et al., 2011).