HMOX1 and neoplasm: Similarly, ginsenosides exhibit broad-spectrum anti-tumor activities: Ginsenoside Re suppresses tumor proliferation through multiple mechanisms, including adenosine activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1)/Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway inhibition and EMT blockade in non-small cell lung cancer [[32], [33], [34]], while regulating PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways [35].