Despite menstrual irregularities and infertility, obesity in women is also significantly associated with other reproductive endocrine disorders, such as precocious puberty (PP) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), both of which originate from dysfunction of the HPO axis (Santoro et al., 2004; Biro et al., 2010; Teede et al., 2021). The gene discussed is GFER; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.