GFER and polycystic ovary syndrome: Despite menstrual irregularities and infertility, obesity in women is also significantly associated with other reproductive endocrine disorders, such as precocious puberty (PP) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), both of which originate from dysfunction of the HPO axis (Santoro et al., 2004; Biro et al., 2010; Teede et al., 2021).