In DHEA-induced PCOS mice, an increase in gut Gram-negative bacteria such as desulfovibrio and burkholderia led to high LPS levels, which induced pyroptosis in ovarian macrophages mediated by IFN-γ, resulting in impaired estrogen synthesis and increased apoptosis of granulosa cells (Figure 4; Huang et al., 2022). Here, IFNG is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.