The most significantly enriched gene set was the TNFα signaling pathway via NF-κB (Figure 3A; Supplementary Table 3), which is interesting because tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) is known to be associated with sarcopenia with its ability to promote protein catabolism, muscle degeneration and muscle atrophy (Sishi and Engelbrecht, 2011; Zhou et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and sarcopenia.