The representative clinical courses and outcomes of patients with candidate HCC-associated SNVs are shown in Fig. 1B, C Patient 1 showed serum genotype B HBV with the A273G mutation, accompanied by a high viral load (5.9 log IU/ml at baseline) and normal ALT levels that did not meet the reimbursement criteria for antiviral treatment. This evidence concerns the gene GPT and hepatocellular carcinoma.