Expression levels of different biomarkers such as squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), cancer antigen-125 (CA-125), cancer antigen 19 − 9 (CA 19 − 9), cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21 − 1 (CYFRA 21 − 1), circulating cell-free tumor DNA, and circulating microRNAs (miRNA) HPV and miRNAs, could help to predict CC (Fig. 1). Here, MUC16 is linked to neoplasm.