Our understanding of the ways in which tumors sculpt the tumor microenvironment (TME) and evade immune recognition and of the many pathways and types of cells in the TME that suppress effective anti-tumor immunity has advanced considerably since the first cancer immunotherapy, which used a CTLA4-blocking antibody to suppress this inhibitory coreceptor on T cells, was clinically approved in 2011 (Hodi et al, 2010; Leach et al, 1996; Mellman et al, 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.