Comparative analysis using additional publicly available datasets demonstrated that HLA-E expression was elevated in cells from individuals with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), and multiple myeloma (MM) compared to normal plasma cells (NPCs) (Supplementary Fig. 8), suggesting a potential role for HLA-E in early events of myelomagenesis. Here, HLA-E is linked to monoclonal gammopathy.