The immune infiltrate within i-IFTA was predominantly composed of CD163+ macrophages and CD4+T cells, similar to the patterns observed in other fibrotic diseases and renal disorders such as IgA nephropathy and transplant rejection.3442, 44 In IgA nephropathy, CD68+ macrophage accumulation and CD3+/CD8+T lymphocyte infiltration were linked to disease progression.44 45 The association of CD163+ macrophages with decreased renal function is consistent across IgA nephropathy46 and kidney transplantation,47 suggesting a shared mechanism of damage progression. This evidence concerns the gene CD68 and IgA glomerulonephritis.