Additionally, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suppresses IFN-I via ERK1/2 signaling, inactivating antiviral mechanisms and promoting OV replication [109,110]; such as NDV targets ERK downstream of cancer-overexpressed B cell lymphoma-XL (BCL-XL) to prevent apoptosis, ensuring viral replication, propagation, and syncytia formation for dissemination [111]. Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.