Cytokines like Type I interferons, Type II IFN, interleukins (e.g., IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, and IL-21), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have shown promise in boosting immune responses and enhancing vaccine efficacy in animal models of tuberculosis and other diseases (Cao et al., 2024). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is tuberculosis.