VWF and neoplasm: Transcriptional alterations in fibroblast, epithelial, and immune cells were found. Downregulated tumour suppressor genes (CAV1, VWF, DCN) and upregulated tumour-promoting/immune genes (SCGB2A1, CLDN4, CCL3, GZMB), indicating disrupted tumour suppression and enhanced immune evasion and tumour progression.