IFNG and cancer: Previous studies have shown that the interferon family plays a critical role in driving PD-L1 expression in both cancer and host cells, with IFN-γ being a key cytokine produced by activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells within the tumor microenvironment.38,45 The enrichment of these two pathways suggests that patients with low-risk scores have a more active immune microenvironment, which may lead to a better response to immunotherapy.