HMOX1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), GA improves sensitivity to cisplatin and gemcitabine by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK/HO-1 pathways, while reducing the expression of resistance-associated proteins such as MDR1 and RRM1 (Hatami et al., 2020; Shen et al., 2020).