PMAIP1 and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), GA-induced ROS triggers ER stress, activating the JNK pathway and upregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa via the IRE1α–TRAF2–ASK1 complex, ultimately inducing Noxa-dependent apoptosis (Cheng et al., 2024).