At the molecular marker level, GA exhibits bidirectional regulation: in bladder cancer (Mei et al., 2024) and melanoma (Wang M. et al., 2023) models, it restores intercellular adhesion by upregulating the epithelial marker E-cadherin while significantly downregulating mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and Vimentin. The gene discussed is CDH2; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.