In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), GA significantly enhances the sensitivity of tumor cells to cisplatin and adriamycin by inhibiting autophagic flux (blocking autophagosome degradation), downregulating P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and suppressing the TGF-β signaling pathway (Wang et al., 2022a). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.