ACTA1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For example, a study by Patel et al. (2024) demonstrated that EVs derived from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells deliver α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) to surrounding lung fibroblasts and NSCLC cells, thereby promoting cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis levels (Patel et al., 2024).