EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For example, a phase 2 trial (ChiCTR1800019877) used EVs from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of NSCLC patients: targeted EV-DNA/RNA analysis (ddPCR, NGS) identified EGFR driver and resistance mutations without tissue biopsy (Tulinsky et al., 2022; Rayamajhi et al., 2024).