Immune modulation: Tumour-derived EVs containing miR-21 and miR-29a bind Toll-like receptors (TLR7/8) on immune cells, triggering an NF-κB–mediated inflammatory cascade (↑TNFα, IL-6) that promotes tumour growth and metastasis (Fabbri et al., 2012). Here, TLR7 is linked to neoplasm.