Additionally, significant enrichment of Veillonella parvula was noted in lung cancer patients (Jin et al., 2019; Tsay et al., 2021; Segal et al., 2016), with previous studies showing its association with Th17 lymphocyte-dependent local inflammatory responses (Tsay et al., 2021), where Th17 lymphocytes secrete IL-17, involved in tumor immunity and angiogenesis (Onishi and Gaffen, 2010; Zhang et al., 2009). Here, IL17A is linked to neoplasm.