Early experience from a current phase I trial at the City of Hope (NCT02159495) involved 6 refractory AML patients post-HSCT and showed that CD123-CAR-T therapy can induce meaningful anti-leukemic responses, including substantial LB reduction in all cases, as well as morphologic leukemic-free states and sustained CR with undetectable minimal residual disease (MRD) in some, with manageable and reversible toxicities [66] (Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene IL3RA and acute myeloid leukemia.