Upon stimulation by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), M1 macrophages secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), which contribute to the direct killing of tumor cells and the activation of Th1-type immune responses [76]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.