Future work should investigate other components that dynamically shape the TME between HPV-positive and HPV-negative OAC such as inhibitory checkpoints important for T-cell exhaustion e.g. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), B-cells, myeloid cells, tumour-associated macrophages and differential cytokines profiles [45]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.